Atsuko Hanashima

本論では食品リサイクル普及の視点から、事業系一般廃棄物処理手数料について検討した。武蔵野市は手数料を値上げすることで、焼却する生ごみを減らし、リサイクルすることに成功した。このことで環境保全だけでなく、経済効果など多面的効果を生み出した。 多くの自治体が実際の費用よりも低い手数料を設定している理由として、一般廃棄物会計に取り組んでいないことを明らかにした。 登録再生利用事業者にアンケートを実施し、自治体が一般廃棄物会計へ取り組んで適切な手数料の設定を求めていることを明らかにした。 武蔵野市のように、手数料が適正に設定されることで、全国で1000億円弱のリサイクル市場がうまれる可能性がある。

本論では食品リサイクル普及の視点から、事業系一般廃棄物処理手数料について検討した。武蔵野市は手数料を値上げすることで、焼却する生ごみを減らし、リサイクルすることに成功した。このことで環境保全だけでなく、経済効果など多面的効果を生み出した。 多くの自治体が実際の費用よりも低い手数料を設定している理由として、一般廃棄物会計に取り組んでいないことを明らかにした。 登録再生利用事業者にアンケートを実施し、自治体が一般廃棄物会計へ取り組んで適切な手数料の設定を求めていることを明らかにした。 武蔵野市のように、手数料が適正に設定されることで、全国で1000億円弱のリサイクル市場がうまれる可能性がある。

The 3R behaviors of citizens have proven to be an important part of Japan′s waste management process, and this public behavior has been influenced through environmental education programs working in conjunction with waste management facilities. For nearly 40 years throughout the country these facilities have been instrumental in arranging for visits by primary schoolchildren, however budget deficits at the local government level are now threatening the sustainability of such important environmental education programs. <br>The author conducted surveys to understand the influence of introducing the“designated manager system” and how similar social education facilities like libraries, museums, and public halls can have an impact. The survey results revealed four main points toward the sustainable administration of these environmental education facilities: the first is reconfirmation of the mission; the second is mutual cooperation by all involved facilities; the third is development of the evaluation index; and the fourth is carrier support by working persons.

Understanding waste flows within an urban area is important for identifying the main problems and improvement opportunities for efficient waste management. Assessment tools such as material flow analysis (MFA), an extensively applied method in waste management studies, provide a structured and objective evaluating process to characterize the waste management system best, to identify its shortcomings and to propose suitable strategies. This paper presents the application of MFA to municipal solid waste management (MSWM) in Maputo City, the capital of Mozambique. The results included the identification and quantification of the main input and output flows of the MSWM system in 2007 and 2014, from the generation, material recovery and collection, to final disposal and the unaccounted flow of municipal solid waste (MSW). We estimated that the waste generation increased from 397x10(3) tonnes in 2007 to 437x10(3) tonnes in 2014, whereas the total material recovery was insignificant in both years -3x10(3) and 7x10(3) tonnes, respectively. As for collection and final disposal, the official collection of waste to the local dumpsite in the inner city increased about threefold, from 76x10(3) to 253x10(6) tonnes. For waste unaccounted for, the estimates indicated a reduction during the study period from 300x10(3) to 158x10(3) tonnes, due to the increase of collection services. The emphasized aspects include the need for practical waste reduction strategies, the opportunity to explore the potential for material recovery, careful consideration regarding the growing trend of illegal dumping and the urgency in phasing-out from the harmful practice of open dumping.

Material flow analysis can effectively trace and quantify the flows and stocks of materials such as solid wastes in urban environments. However, the integrity of material flow analysis results is compromised by data uncertainties, an occurrence that is particularly acute in low-and-middle-income study contexts. This article investigates the uncertainties in the input data and their effects in a material flow analysis study of municipal solid waste management in Maputo City, the capital of Mozambique. The analysis is based on data collected in 2007 and 2014. Initially, the uncertainties and their ranges were identified by the data classification model of Hedbrant and Sorme, followed by the application of sensitivity analysis. The average lower and upper bounds were 29% and 71%, respectively, in 2007, increasing to 41% and 96%, respectively, in 2014. This indicates higher data quality in 2007 than in 2014. Results also show that not only data are partially missing from the established flows such as waste generation to final disposal, but also that they are limited and inconsistent in emerging flows and processes such as waste generation to material recovery (hence the wider variation in the 2014 parameters). The sensitivity analysis further clarified the most influencing parameter and the degree of influence of each parameter on the waste flows and the interrelations among the parameters. The findings highlight the need for an integrated municipal solid waste management approach to avoid transferring or worsening the negative impacts among the parameters and flows.

A waste management policy is crucial to establish an effective and satisfactory waste management system. However, the establishment of waste policies is hindered by several multi-faceted and interrelated barriers, particularly in developing countries, adding complexity to already complex waste management tasks. Thus, this study aims to assess the barriers to a waste management policy in Maputo City, the capital of Mozambique, and to identify the most onerous barriers to the effective implementation of the policy through the combined application of the structural modeling methods, Interpretive Structural Modeling (ISM) and Decision-Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory (DEMATEL). The structures of the interrelationships of the barriers were effectively clarified: ISM provided the hierarchical structure, and DEMATEL provided the cause and effect structure. The results indicated that institutional structural weakness and a lack of cooperation among stakeholders are the major contributors to poor waste policy performance in Maputo City. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

循環型社会構築や脱気候変動に向けた取り組みには，家庭や地域，企業等における個々人の理解と行動が欠かせない。そこで，関連する知識を体系化し，習得を促す教育プログラムとして，「3R・低炭素社会検定」教育事業を展開している。検定受験者等へのアンケート調査から，「ごみ減量の有効な方法やごみ問題に関する情報を他人 (家族以外) に対して伝えたり，広めたり教えたりする活動 (リーダー活動)」を実践している人ほど，知識の必要性を実感していることがわかり，検定の重要なニーズであることがわかった。他方，受験者とそれ以外をあわせて全般に，「現在，環境啓発・教育活動を行っていないが，今後は行ってみたい」という人が約4割存在し，この層にさまざまな働きかけを行うことが，活動の輪を広げるために重要と考えられた。また，廃棄物関連事業の現場スタッフの教育に活用する事例もみられ，業界全体のレベルアップにつながる動きとして期待される。

In 1990's several faculties of universities have started to construct reducing waste systems by sorting collection of municipal solid waste in campus. In 2000's some universities beginning to get seriously involved in reducing waste systems as the whole university. Waste producers' cooperation in waste sorting is essential. Placing attractive receptacles could be effective to separate and reduce waste. At Osaka Sangyo University it has not started to collect sorted municipal waste. The survey about preferences to types of receptacles, based on questionnaire with 657 students and 34 sanitation workers had accomplished. It shows that 1) Students have their consistent preference structures to some extent 2) There are some characteristic preference between their attributions (such as sex) 3) Satisfaction level on present receptacles cause characteristic preference 4) Many students recognize separation sign as an important factor of receptacles 5) sanitation workers have different preference structures between students 6) foreign students needs illustrated separation sign on receptacles 7) Some students want to feel fun with well designed receptacles.

本研究は、住宅内の空気循環系に組み込む簡易な蓄熱システムとして、常温に固液の相転移温度を連続的に有するパラフィン系材料の適用可能性を検討した。まず、形状安定化のためのゲル化、シート化による接触面積の増大、金属材料によるスペーシングなどの改良を行い、潜熱特性を十分に引き出せることを実測により確認した。次いでシミュレーションにより、日射余剰熱と床下の夜間加熱を床下のパラフィンへ蓄熱すれば、暖房負荷で約20％、電力料金で約30％の削減が可能であることを明らかにした。

本研究は、時刻毎の日射の法線方向からルーバーの見掛け開口率を求め、これに直達日射量を乗じて最終的に壁面に到達する直達日射量を求める計算方式を定式化するものである。またこの手法を用いて東京における暑中期間について、南面と西面の窓面における直達日射量を算出して比較検討した。

An environmental time capsule or ET Capsule which will retain samples and data for an ultralong period is covered in this report. The samples will serve as fundamental data for researchers in the distant future. For this purpose, actual samples will be ideal to be preserved together with written records describing living things on the earth and their environments. We plan to seal the actual ET Capsule at 00:00, January 1, 2001, hoping it will be a good opportunity to leave the environment of 20th century earth for people in later centuries. This report discusses various aspects and problems associated with long-term storage of environmental and biological samples and describes the related studies we have made.

Source separation of household wastes is the key issue of urban waste management to spare landfill of treatment residue and to promote resource recovery. However, the municipal administration often adopts the policy to collect and incinerate mixed wastes in order to simplify the management system, to decrease the operation cost and to relieve the citizens' labor. It is hypothesized, in this paper, that the source separation can be accepted by citizens when a proper social system is established so as to inform them direct and indirect effects on economy and environment. A questionnaire survey was carried out in a suburban city of Osaka to identify the citizens' multi-attributive utility function related to their wastes discharge in view of profit, comfortableness, convenience and socio-environmental impacts. The result proves that a certain combination of wastes collection alternatives not to degrade citizens' total utility can be found for each group which is characterized by the level of social concern, even though the category of source separation is increased. Finally, a socio-environmental system aided by an information network will be herein proposed including administration information dissemination, participatory citizens' researches on resource recovery, university extension, etc.