木村 敦

精神病者慈善救治会は、日本初の精神病者を対象とする社会事業団体であったと考えられている。同会は、名称を変更しながら、最終的には戦時中に精神厚生会という翼賛団体に吸収される。本稿は、まずこの精神病者慈善救治会の意義と限界を事実に基づいて確認する。そしてその確認内容を材料として、精神病者・障害者をその対象とする民間社会事業にどこまでできるか、限界はどこにあるか、また、限界を迎えたときの民間社会事業とその担い手は、どこに向かってどう行動すべきかを展望した。

"精神病者・障害者の生活にかかわる民間の社会事業・社会福祉的支援と彼ら彼女らの家族に対する支援的な取り組みがどのように展開したか、またその展開が現実の制度改編とどのようにリンクしたかを、時代を追って確認すること、そして、精神病者・障害者に関わる社会事業・社会福祉的支援が、どのような理由でどのような限界を有したかを確認することを目的とした。その目的を達成するため、①精神病者・障害者の生活に関わる公的支援施策の不在を理由とする民間の自発的取り組みはどのように展開したか、②家族に対する取り組みにはどのようなものがあったか、③施策はどのように展開したか、を確認するという作業を行った。 "

社会福祉の対象を社会科学的に把握される生活問題であると規定する理論は、社会福祉の実践過程（ソーシャルワーク）において有用であるのか、という問いに応答することを目的とした。目的の達成のため、これまでの「社会科学的ソーシャルワーク論」構築へ向けた代表的な研究成果をレビューし、それらの共通部分を抽出し、それらに不足している部分を浮上させ、その不足部分に充当させる理論の構築を試みた。その理論とは、社会福祉支援に用いられる諸方法の構造的理解、ソーシャル・アクションの社会運動への発展、に関わる理論である。

社会問題としての生活問題へ社会福祉が効果的に対応できるようになるために、社会科学的社会福祉論である「孝橋理論」を再検証し、当該理論に依拠したソーシャルワーク実践のありようを提起した。

In recent years, social welfare policy has shifted from securing the minimum standard of living, towards a `Work Support' policy concerned with labor and unemployment issues. It is safe to say that social welfare policy has expanded. But, the expansion of social welfare replaces and substitutes social policy, also marks a retreat of social policy, and does not mean an expansion of social security in the broader sense. Such awareness of these issues is scant in the field of social welfare studies. Most social welfare studies define the subject of social welfare as the `needs in life' that people have individually, and do not define the subject of social welfare as being `life problems' derived from labor problems. Such functional definitions may actually contribute to the lack of awareness of the issues. The aim of this study, based on an awareness of the above-mentioned issues, is to clarify the following. 1) To clarify what the `life problems' are when defined as social problems, which have continuity with labor problems or a unity with labor problems. 2) To clarify, the aspects of these `life problems' that become the political task of social welfare, and why they become part of the political task of social welfare. Concretely, life problems as defined by functional theory are examined critically, and life problems as they are framed in social scientific theory are evaluated positively. Especially, the `labor-life problems' theory of Takeo Mitsuka is examined in detail. The purpose of these theoretical examinations is to contribute to the development of social welfare practices.

'Work Support' became the chief matter in the current policy regarding health and welfare services for the mentally disabled. Then, social welfare policy became a part of the policy to create low wage worker and instability employed worker. This represents a basic understanding of the problem, and is the hypothesis of this study. The aim of this study is the presentation of grounds for proving this hypothesis. Concretely, the following statements will be written. 1 The 'change' portion and the 'continuity' portion of treatment principle regarding the mentally disabled(from 'isolation and accommodation' to 'welfare') in the following laws. 1)The 'Law Regarding Custody of the Mentally Ill' 2)The 'Mental Hygiene Law' 3)The 'Mental Health Law' 4)The 'Law Regarding Mental Health and Welfare Services for the Mentally Disabled'. 2 An outline of current work support policy for the mentally disabled. 3 To point out problems based on continuity of treatment principles. 4 To introduce some measures of work which may become key in solving the problems in work support policy. 5 To suggest new concept of income security to the mentally disabled.

The aim of this study is four points as follows. Those are, 1 To examine and clarify the characteristic of problems in living of people with mental retardation , as compared with the other kind of disabilities. 2 To examine and clarify the process for detarmine the benefi t by Law to Support Independence of the Persons with Disabilities, and whether it adapt to people with mental retardation. 3 To reexamine the position of social welfare in whole system of social security, to think about the way to support for people with mental retardation with getting back a fundamental place. 4 To suggest, as far as possible, a substitute way to measure the degree of hardship of people with mental retardation with problems in living, beeing based on examinations and clarifi cation 1～3 mentioned above.