Koji Shimano

Academia Journal of Agricultural Research

Vegetation Science

Vegetation Science

Vegetation Science

信州大学教育学部附属志賀自然教育研究施設研究業績

信州大学教育学部附属志賀自然教育研究施設研究業績

信州大学教育学部附属志賀自然教育研究施設研究業績

We surveyed the effects of the difference of vegetation and the management to butterflies and clarified preferable conditions for butterflies in a grassland, red pine forests and deciduous coppice forests in Azumino, Nagano prefecture, central Japan. As results, the number and species richness of butterflies had positive relationship with the cover of flowering plants. Such preferable places where the cover of flowering plant was high were well managed with high frequency like mowing twice a year, and the RPPFDs (Relative Photosynthetic Photon Flux Densities) were high on the ground cover plants. The brighter conditions were, the more butterfly individuals and species were. Many of flowering plants were therophyte and perennial plants, which usually occurs in pastures, forest sides and roadsides. Mowing of herbs and shrubs, improvement cutting, thinning made the forest floor bright. More we found that some butterflies did not necessarily occur where weed plants were distributed. The butterflies moved for nectar sucking where many flowers blooming in their adult season from where weed plants were.

植生学会誌

信州大学教育学部附属志賀自然教育研究施設研究業績

日本生態学会誌

Fixation of river flow passages and riverbed degradation may facilitate the development of higher floodplains with the establishment of exotic species such as black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.). We quantitatively evaluated the relationship between nitrogen (N) levels in black locust trees and in sediments under different flood disturbance regimes in a riparian area of the Chikuma River. In this study, allometric equations were developed for relating leaf N content to diameter at breast height of black locust. The amount of leaf N in black locust increased with distance from the river, reaching 159 kg N ha(-1) at 180 m from the river. There was a small difference in N content between green and fallen leaves (0.2%), and so the leaf N was almost equivalent to N input to riparian sediments. Fine sediments accumulated on the riparian area, where the amount of sediments N increased with distance from the river, ranging from 1091 +/- A 767 to 4953 +/- A 2953 kg N ha(-1). The N accumulation rates also increased with distance from the river, corresponding with the amount of leaf N in black locust per unit area, but the former exceeded the latter. The sediment N accumulation might be accelerated by sediment trapping effect due to riparian vegetation itself. A large input of N provided by invaded black locust might alter nutrient dynamics and native plant community structure in the riparian area.

信州大学教育学部付属志賀自然教育研究施設研究業績

信州大学教育学部付属志賀自然教育研究施設研究業績

Cercidiphyllum japonicum and C. magnificum are deciduous tree species that produce large numbers of sprouts. They are found mainly in riparian and/or disturbed areas. C. japonicum is distributed in the montane zone in Japan, whereas C. magnificum is distributed mostly in the subalpine zone of central Japan. However, the two species sometimes coexist, e.g., on the talus slope at the valley head of the Chichibu Mountains. We investigated differences in sprouting traits in these two species by comparing class distributions of sprout diameter at breast height (DBH) and heights of individuals on the talus slope. Sprout DBH and individual height were smaller in C. magnificum as compared to C. japonicum. Moreover, the analysis of the DBH-class distribution of each species indicated that C. magnificum had numerous small sprouts and experienced high mortality, whereas C. japonicum had fewer small sprouts and low mortality. It is likely that the sprouting traits of C. magnificum make it more adapted to severe conditions in the subalpine zone than those of C. japonicum.

We determined the environmental requirements for Lepus brachyurus lyoni on Sado Island, Japan. during the winter when food resources are low Flare track survey sites were classified by vegetation type. The movement distances of hares, which indicated habitat preference, were evaluated as the relative length of tracks in a I-ha area In addition, we examined browse marks on plants and the protein content of plants to determine the preferred plant species. Movement distances of hares decreased significantly with increasing tree stand height, mean tree diameter. basal area of the tree stand, and forest canopy closure, but increased with branch-and-stem density. The percentage of browse marks Oil the branches of tree/shrub species decreased significantly with increasing branch-and-stem diameter The rate of feeding increased significantly with increased protein content in the branches These findings suggest that hares prefer shrub stands with high branch-and-stem density to mature forests. which have lower branch-and-stem densities Hares also prefer branches and stems containing large amounts of protein Young stands offering many shrub species as food resources and shelter constitute preferable environments for hares

We investigated species composition and characteristics of plant communities in plots at seven site types within a ski resort: forests, an abandoned ski slope, an area under the gondola lines, forest waterfronts, open waterfronts, edges of ski slopes, and an active ski slope. On the abandoned ski slope, under the gondola lines, at the edges of ski slopes, and on the ski slope, canopy closure was low, tall herbs were present, and species diversity was high. Some wetland species were present at waterfront plots. Differential species composition was caused by vegetation cutting, which was necessary to manage the ski resort. We found various plants, including herbs, some rarely seen because their habitats have decreased. Despite their negative effects, such as surface-soil erosion and magnification of plant size due to the use of ammonium sulfate, ski resorts can be important plant habitats with highly diverse species composition.

保全生態研究

We surveyed plant community development at the abandoned Ogushi sulfur mine. We found seven communities dominated by the following respective species: Deschampsia flexuosa, Miscanthus sinensis, shrub willow, Gaultheria miqueliana-Betula ermanii, Sasa senanensis-Betula ermanii, willow-Betula ermanii, and Sasa kurilensis-Abies veitchii. We examined the succession of these communities, in which younger communities of low height and ground cover contained seedlings of the successive communities that were taller and had higher ground cover. To understand the development of these different communities, we surveyed damage from mining pollution and effects of immature soils formed by landslides. The average pH (H(2)O) was 4.12, and aluminum concentrations were not sufficiently high to damage plant growth, except in areas where sulfur had been mined. The organic carbon and nitrogen content in soil samples were very low because of a delay in soil development caused by a large landslide in 1937. Hence, succession was positively correlated with the soil development stage. The delay in soil development after a large landslide influenced the seven successional steps of the plant communities, but mineral poisons at the abandoned Ogushi sulfur mine had no effect on succession.

信州大学教育学部付属志賀自然教育研究施設研究業績

信州大学教育学部付属志賀自然教育研究施設研究業績

景観生態学会

日本生態学会誌

Riparian plants can use nitrogen (N) from soil and river water, but the use of river water N might be limited in higher floodplain environments of the Chikuma River. The purpose of this study is to reveal the relationship between N uptake by riparian plants and the floodplain topography (relative height and distance from a river channel). We examined the hypothesis that surface sediment removal from the higher floodplain increases river water N uptake by riparian plants by using a stable isotope analysis. The delta(15)N value of river water samples (ca. 8 parts per thousand) were significantly higher than those of the soil extracts (ca. 3 parts per thousand) in the study area. The delta(15)N value of riparian plants increased from +3.0 parts per thousand (standard deviation, SD +/- 2.1 parts per thousand) before sediment removal to +9.6 parts per thousand (+/-2.1 parts per thousand) after sediment removal, although there was no significant change in the delta(15)N value in N sources of soil and river water. The sediment removal enhanced frequency of flood disturbance, relative ground water level, and river water N uptake by riparian plants on the floodplain.

日本生態学会誌

日本林学会誌

植生情報

We compared nitrogen uptake by riparian plants at various distances from the river channel along the Chikuma River, using a stable isotope analysis. Nitrogen stable isotope ratios δ¹⁵N of plants in the lower floodplains were relatively high, and increased from upper to lower reach, suggesting use of nitrogen from the river water, which was affected by human activities in the watersheds. On the other hand, δ¹⁵N of plants in the higher floodplains were relatively low, and not statistically different among sites, indicating no more use of nitrogen derived from the river water. A nitrogen fixing plant, black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia) forms riparian forests in the higher floodplains, where we observed a 42-fold increase in nitrate concentration of soil compared with that in the lower floodplains. Black locust forests may bring reactive nitrogen into the river ecosystem. The higher floodplains were different from the lower ones not only in physical conditions such as deposition and hydrology but also in nitrogen uptake by plants, and they had little relationships with river water in nutrient uptake.

We aimed to clarify the factors that affect Japanese hare (Lepus brachyurus) densities and habitat availability in certain vegetation types. Using fecal pellet counts, we found that hare densities and habitat availability were higher in open-tree-canopy habitats with a dense ground cover of herbs and grasses, such as cleared areas in artificial forests. However, when we examined the relationships between fecal pellets as an indicator of hare density and various attributes of forest floor vegetation, no vegetation parameters had a significant correlation with fecal pellets among different plant communities. Thus, it is difficult to predict hare density based on forest floor vegetation, in general. However, in seven Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica) plantation sites, high herb volume index and a low degree of canopy closure, calculated from fisheye-lens photographs, had a significant correlation with fecal pellet density (P = 0.029 and 0.006, respectively). Based on the relationships between fecal pellets and certain forest attributes (e.g., stand height and diameter at breast height of trees), we determined that fecal pellet density was higher in young stands in these plantations. This is likely because young stands have a larger volume of herbaceous species that provide food and shelter for hares, owing to the bright ground conditions resulting from the relatively open canopy. Appropriate plantation control such as cutting and planting trees is important for habitat conservation of L. brachyurus, because planted C. japonica forest occupies more than half of artificial forests in Japan.

Differences in beech (Fagus crenata) regeneration were quantitatively investigated using power function analysis for the size-class (diameter at breast height, DBH) distribution and juvenile-to-canopy tree (J/C) ratio along a snow gradient throughout Japan. In snowy areas, all species combined, as well as F. crenata alone, showed constant regeneration, with parameter b approximate to-1.6 for the power function y=ax(b) (x=DBH, y=density), which is related to the DBH-class distribution. The good fit of the data to the function suggests that beech regenerates constantly with self-thinning patch dynamics. Parameter a, which indicates the abundance of small trunks, was high. Furthermore, the mean J/C ratio was approximate to 8, i.e., each parent beech tree produced eight juveniles. These results suggest that beech regenerates constantly with gap dynamics in snowy beech forests on the Japan Sea side of Japan (snowy). However, the fit of F. crenata was lower and nonsignificant in some forests in less snowy areas, despite the high fit of all species combined. In these areas, the mean of a was low, and b was often near zero for F. crenata regressions. These results suggest that the abundance of beech was low, and self-thinning was not evident because of the initial low abundance. Moreover, the mean J/C ratio was < 1.0, suggesting that juvenile density was lower than that of canopy trees. Thus, the regeneration of F. crenata on the Pacific Ocean side of Japan (less snowy) is rather sporadic. Less snowy conditions may promote seed desiccation, predation of beechnuts and seedlings, and water stress. Lower F. crenata density may also reduce predator satiation and wind pollination.

Vegetation Science

We investigated the factors that encourage sprouting by Cercidiphyllum japonicum, as well as its ability to sprout after cutting, by analyzing the age structure, distribution, and growth of sprouts in one stool of this species. C japonicum produced numerous sprouts in various age classes, ranging from 7 to 92 years old; the main stein was 226 years old. Sprouts that were relatively close in age (e.g., 30 or 80 years old) tended to form clusters. Based on an increase in the width of annual growth rings, we estimated that gap formation occurred about 30 years ago. This encouraged existing Sprouts to grow more, and many sprouts were produced on the periphery of the stand to take advantage of the improved light conditions. After cutting, larger stems produced more simultaneous sprouts; therefore, sprout occurrence probably depends on the biomass of parent stems, although smaller stems were also able to produce some simultaneous sprouts. In the absence of physical damage, C japonicum produced more sprouts as a function of increased age as a means of self-maintenance. C. japonicum sprouted simultaneously in response to external disturbances, such as gap formation and cutting, and it sprouted sequentially with increasing age. Therefore, although C japonicum seedlings are rarely found in forests, C japonicum can maintain its populations over long periods by sprouting, which compensates for sparse seedling regeneration. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

信州大学教育学部附属志賀自然教育研究施設研究業績

Cercidiphyllum japonicum SIEB. et ZucC. is found in riparian forests in Japan, but the seedlings rarely regenerate more than coexisting tree species. We investigated C. japonicum emergence and seedling survival in a nursery for 21 months. Bare soil, soil-with-litter, and gravel treatments and 3.0%, 10.9%, 22.7%, 60.1%, and 100% relative photosynthetic photon flux density (RPPFD) light conditions were tested. Seedling emergence depended on soil type and light conditions. Owing to C. japonicum's small seed size, germinated seedlings could not penetrate the litter layer and became desiccated in gravel, but most seedlings emerged and survived in bare soil. These surviving seedlings needed quite bright light to germinate but not extreme light conditions. Initial mortality was high, but most of the seedlings that survived the first three months survived for the duration of the study, even under quite dark 10% RPPFD conditions. Current-year seedlings grew poorly under bright light conditions and rarely survived under the brightest light condition, when survival was probably negatively affected by desiccation. After one year, seedlings were able to use the higher light conditions more efficiently for growth. Such seedlings probably have a high chance of survival. Under low light conditions, both current- and second-year seedlings grew poorly. However, even small seedlings are likely to survive under low light conditions in a nursery, because the seedbed is level and nursery seedlings do not face all of the threats that are present in an actual forest.

DNA多型

Plant Species Biology

電力中央研究所報告

哺乳類科学

森林野生動物研究会誌

This paper reviews the differences in the distribution and regeneration of Fagus crenata between two types of Japanese beech forests, the Japan Sea (JS)-type and the Pacific Ocean (PO)-type, and discusses the causal factors and characteristics of these forests, particularly the PO-type. F. crenata in PO-type forests regenerates sporadically rather than constantly, whereas regeneration in the JS-type forests is relatively constant with gap dynamics. F. crenata has dominated in snowy areas both in the past, after the last glacial age, when there was less human disturbance, and in the present. Snow accumulation facilitaties beech regeneration in snowy JS-type forests, but not in the less snowy PO-type. Snow protects beechnuts from damage caused by rodents, desiccation, and freezing. In addition, snow suppresses dwarfbamboo in the spring, thus increasing the amount of sunlight available for beech seedlings on the forest floor. Snow also supplies melt water during the growing season and limits the distribution of herbivores. Moreover, snow reduces the number of forest fires during the dry winter and early spring seasons. The low densities of F. crenata impede its regeneration, because disturbed wind pollination lowers seed fertility and predators are less effectively satiated. In snowy JS-type beech forests, F. crenata dominates both at the adult and the juvenile stages because it regenerates well, while other species are eliminated by heavy snow pressure. On the less snowy PO-side, deciduous broad-leaved forests with various species are a primary feature, although F. crenata dominates because of its large size and long lifespan.

This paper reviews the differences in the distribution and regeneration of Fagus crenata between two types of Japanese beech forests, the Japan Sea (JS)-type and the Pacific Ocean (PO)-type, and discusses the causal factors and characteristics of these forests, particularly the PO-type. F. crenata in PO-type forests regenerates sporadically rather than constantly, whereas regeneration in the JS-type forests is relatively constant with gap dynamics. F crenata has dominated in snowy areas both in the past, after the last glacial age, when there was less human disturbance, and in the present. Snow accumulation facilitates beech regeneration in snowy JS-type forests, but not in the less snowy PO-type. Snow protects beechnuts from damage caused by rodents, desiccation, and freezing. In addition, snow suppresses dwarf bamboo in the spring, thus increasing the amount of sunlight available for beech seedlings on the forest floor. Snow also supplies melt water during the growing season and limits the distribution of herbivores. Moreover, snow reduces the number of forest fires during the dry winter and early spring seasons. The low densities of F crenata impede its regeneration, because disturbed wind pollination lowers seed fertility and predators are less effectively satiated. In snowy JS-type beech forests, F. crenata dominates both at the adult and the juvenile stages because it regenerates well, while other species are eliminated by heavy snow pressure. On the less snowy PO-side, deciduous broad-leaved forests with various species are a primary feature, although F. crenata dominates because of its large size and long lifespan.

哺乳類科学

Three canopy tree species (Fraxinus platypoda, Pterocarya rhoifolia, and Cercidiphyllum japonicum) coexist in riparian forests in the Chichibu Mountains of central Japan. We compared the forest structure and the reproductive characteristics of these species. F platypoda was the dominant canopy species. It produced many saplings and grew in abandoned channels and floodplains, and was able to invade both large and small disturbance sites. P. rhoifolia was a subdominant species that occurred on the deposits of large-scale landslides and grew in patches containing even-aged trees. C. japonicum was the other subdominant species that produced few saplings and invaded large disturbance sites together with P. rhoifolia. Establishment sites of C. japonicum were restricted to fine mineral soils and fallen logs. We found tradeoffs in reproductive characteristics (seed size, seed number, irregular seed production, and sprouting) among the three canopy species. F. platypoda and P. rhoifolia had large seeds and produced fruits irregularly. C. japonicum produced many small seeds every year and sprouted prolifically around the main stem. The causes of the coexistence mechanism of the three riparian canopy tree species may be both niche- and chance-determined to varying degrees. In riparian areas, the three canopy species were well-adapted to disturbances throughout their life-history.

「国立科学博物館付属自然教育園における自然生態系特別調査」（研究代表者・矢野 亮）課題番号10400005 平成10年度～平成12年度科学研究費補助金基盤研究(B)(1)研究成果報告書．