高井 由佳

Hanging scrolls are a traditional Japanese form of binding and displaying artwork or calligraphy. The scrolls are rolled up from the bottom up and stored in a box, or hung on a wall for display. It is important for the scroll to be able to roll up smoothly without causing any creases when on display. Several layers of Japanese washi paper attached to the back of the scroll make these two functions possible. Wheat starch glue, a weak form of adhesive used to fortify the back, is combined with a technique called “pounding” with the use of a pounding brush, to promote adhesion. In this research, we attached an electromyograph on two subjects – an expert and non-expert binder – to study the movement of their muscles in 9 locations when pounding. Results of this study are expected to help contribute to the acquisition of the binding technique.

In this study, a training system of laparoscopic cholecystectomy combined surgical instrument simulation and eye movement analysis was established. The surgical tool usage also was recorded by video cameras during the whole training process. The eye track information and utilization information of surgical tool were provided to interns as a study reference. The expert’s information also was showed to interns in order to make a comparison after practice. The system had been shown to be effective in a variety of practices.

In this paper, the difference technique of motion and process for “The way of tea” on were investigated. The expert and beginner’s motion and trace were captured by High-speed camera system. In order to verify the correct motion technique, a tea master and three people were employed as expert and beginner, and two kinds of motion techniques and moving tracks were summarized and compared during the whole tea making process. The expert’ motion can be considered as a good reference.

In forging parts production, the die life is important for the production efficiency. It is required for more skillful craftspeople because the die life depends on damage of scratches. Therefore it is important to succeed their expertise constantly. It takes several years for craftspeople to be the expert on the job training. In this study, in order to accelerate their expertise transferring, we analyzed their expertise in focusing on quality of polishing in a forging part. Craftspeople with different time of the experience were entered and compared in this experiment. Their skills were measured by checking the quality including the roughness on the die surface, the variation from the designated thickness and the work time. (C) 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.

The goal of this research is the development of a learning system for the coating and painting tasks carried out in automobile repair. In this study, the characteristics of skilled spray gun handling for automobile repair painting were analyzed and compared with those with little or no experience. The spray gun movements of 55 individuals were measured by using a motion capture system. The spray gun movements of the expertswere characterized by longer length, longer time, higher speed, and narrower swing range, compared with the non-experts. (C) 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.

Bento is widely known as a meal box culture in Japanese cuisine. In a common Japanese Bento style, it holds boiled rice, fried egg, baked fish, fresh salads or pickled vegetables in a box-shaped container. It seems a similar style of picnics. However, it is a different culture because it can be witnessed at not only out-door area but also in-door space. It is a common lunch style in Japan at class rooms, office rooms, construction sites, and elsewhere at noon. There is no exception in students except elementary school students. In the Japanese education system, only elementary schools need to provide their lunches as a school service. Therefore, in kindergartens, junior high schools and high schools, they usually bring their lunch boxes, "Bento", from home. In every morning at home, parents are cooking to prepare meal for Bento with so much affectionate features. One of the features is their anxieties about their children's health. They are always taking care of the nutrition valance. Another feature is a design of pictorial expression decorated by colorful foods on rice. It makes a lot of considerations for purchasing the foodstuffs. In this study, in order to clarify the decision process of Bento making, we developed a psychological process model. However, there are a lot of psychological process models. For example, "AIDMA" is one of the typical models. It defines a process that leads consumers to purchase some products. First, consumers become aware of a product (Attention), get interested (Interest), desire to obtain it (Desire), memorize it (Memory), and actually purchase it at last (Action). The decision proceeds in this way. However, it does not explain the details of how to cook a Bento because it is difficult to standardize the decision model in each case. In this study, in order to clarify the decision process, we employed the state transition diagram as a psychological process model. (C) 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.

As well known, Kyoto has been the capital city of Japan for one thousand years. The long ancient culture brings out a serious of traditional craft products, such as 'Kana-ami'---a kind of metal wire network. 'Kana-ami' was all made by hand work, for this reason there was no industrial pollution produced during the manufacturing process. In other words, 'Kana-ami' is a kind of green manufacturing product, and its processing motion and working experience make a big effect on final products' quality. Product's quality was judged by the standard structure of 'Kana-ami', which was established after a long period of history and culture accumulation. That aesthetical standard has already been consistently rooted into Japanese peoples' heart deeply. Dated back to around 50 years, there were about 30 handmade wire net shops in Kyoto. However, it has decreased dramatic until 7 shops now. Therefore, it is urgent time to pay attention to this severe reality and try to do something to keep this traditional culture wealth and continue green manufacturing technique and skill to the next generation. In this study, the expert and non-expert were employed as the target investigated subject from 'Kanaami Tsuji' workshop. Investigated subjects were required to fabricate a Kana-ami product, which was investigated by 3D motion capture during product's fabrication. The structural features of final products by expert and non-expert were illustrated and compared by the numerical analysis. The moment of scoop tofu was recorded by high-speed camera in order to clarify the small differences on product performance. In a word, the great effort is to reduce the final products impact to the surface of tofu.

'Kana-ami' is a kind of metal wire network in Japan. This study aimed to focus on 'Kana-ami' technique development in order to keep this culture wealth and skill to the next generation. In this study, the two participants were selected for comparison called as expert and non-expert. The products made by participants were measured by industry computed tomography system precisely. The deformation of two metal wires' diameter was calculated, and the expert's rotation angle was shown smaller damage on the surface of metal wires. (C) 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.

"Yuzen" is a traditional but still popular method of dyeing fabrics in Japan. The products using the Yuzen method and manufactured in Kyoto city are called "Kyo-Yuzen." The dyeing method of Yuzen can be dividing into 10 procedures. A specialized craftsman is in charge of each procedure. During the paste application (Nori-oki) procedure, the expert applies a starch paste or a rubber paste to a fabric in order to resist dyeing. The two resist pastes create different effect on the dyed fabric. At market, the fabric with a starch paste application is perceived to have a higher value than that with a rubber paste. In this study, the difference of the viscosity between two materials was clarified, and specimens which craftsman dyed were observed. Then how two materials put on fabrics, and the structures of them were measured. As a result of this research, it was clarified that rubber paste penetrated into fabrics rather than starch paste.

本研究では、京壁のさびの原因となる物質を特定することを目的とし、蛍光X線分析装置を使用し、さびが斑点状に出た京壁のごく薄い表層の約10 cm四方にわたって無機元素分布をマッピングする特殊な技法を試みた。その結果0.1質量%以上含有する主要無機元素として検出されたSi、Al、Fe、K、Ca、S、Ti、Mnのうち、さびと分布が一致するのはMn（マンガン）であることを突き止めた。

本論文では彫金作業の中の一つである打刻作業時における熟練者と非熟練者の動作と眼球運動を比較することによって、熟練者の特徴を明らかにすることを目的とした。被験者には、年齢66歳、職歴50年の旗金具職人1名の熟練者と非熟練者である健康な男子大学生4名の、計5名を対象とした。結果として、打刻作業中に熟練者は手関節の尺屈・橈屈で打刻をしており、非熟練者は肘の屈曲・伸展で打刻を行っていたことが明らかになった。また、熟練者の打刻は1打目で打刻位置を決め、2打目から強く打刻をする傾向があり、3打目から連続的に打刻していたが、非熟練者には同様の傾向が見られなかった。眼球運動の特徴としては、熟練者は打刻前、打刻作業中、打刻後も鏨の下部および板の周辺を集中的に注視していた。一方、非熟練者は鏨の上部および下部を広範囲に見ていた。

This research was performed in order to clarify the difference between inexperienced person and experts of Ikebana through impression evaluation during the appreciation of arrangement. In this research, not only arrangement themselves, but also photos of them were used for the evaluation. Experimental results indicated that experts could distinguish the difference of arrangements between experts and inexperienced persons even though they watch Ikebanas or photos. However, it is thought to be difficult for inexperienced person. Concerning of the elements of evaluation, that will lead a new research which element appear in which media and the reason that cause this situation.

“Yuzen-zome” is a traditional method of dyeing in Japan. It is still one of the most popular techniques to dye. Especially, the method which a cloth is dyed in Kyoto city called “Kyo-Yuzen-zome”. This method can divide into 10 Processes. Each process is handled by specialist by hand work. In particular, at putting-paste (Nori-oki) process, experts must care which paste they use, Starch-paste or Rubber-paste. In this study, we focused on putting-paste. “Nori-oki” is the second process. These 2 types paste make the different effect to fabrics dyed. At market, the fabric to which starch paste is used has more value than another fabric to which rubber paste is used does. To elucidate the reason, we have the questionnaire survey. We examine the difference in those evaluations between two materials, and we examine the cause of pricing decision between two products.

Japanese paper made in Saijo City is called shuso, and its making is a traditional Japanese craft. One of the main characteristics of shuso paper is a crepe structure called shibo. The shibo structure is made by hand; it is fabricated by bending the edge of the shuso paper toward the front. The shibo structure is affected by the bending angle. In recent years, the demand for shuso paper has stagnated. Shuso paper requires the creation of new products. However, the preferred type of shuso paper is unclear. The shibo structure of shuso paper can easily be changed to prepare many types of shibo structures. This study quantified shibo structures of shuso paper under various fabrication conditions. The preferences of subjects from different countries for shuso paper with various shibo structures were clarified.

In this research, expert-A and expert-B were employed from "Kana-ami Tsuji" workshop, which is one of the most outstanding workshops in Kyoto. The best three products were chosen by expert-A and expert-B respectively from 38 products made by 38 different students to be compared as non-experts with the excellent products of experts. So, the average hexagon angles by experts were treated as the standard in this study. All hexagon angles of the experts and non-experts final products were investigated and measured, at the same time, angle degrees at corresponded label location were calculated and compared between experts and non-experts in order to explain the structure distribution. Their mean and standard deviation values of corresponding vertex angles for 48 hexagons were calculated and analysed. In this current study, the characteristics of metal wire network structure made by different people were discussed and analyzed through mathematical measurement. Based on this structure evaluation system, the hexagon angles of experts' products showed complete uniformity and consistence.

Urushi crafts is one of the Japanese traditional crafts. Urushi painting and "Maki-e" decoration of these Urushi crafts works were removed by usage for many years. Experts of Urushi crafts have repaired and restored them correctly by gain an insight into their conditions, materials and techniques. They can understand the contained information by watching the works. This observation method is called "Mitate". In this study, it was aimed to examine how to conduct Mitate when Urushi craftspeople look at the works. As a result, it is considered that expert craftspeople could ensure the characteristics recognition by gaining and combining more information from the work than the other subject. © 2014 Springer International Publishing Switzerland.

In this paper, three kinds of Japanese tea whisks' influence on bubble form in "the way of tea" process were investigated. The bubble form and distri-bution state by each whisk after 100%, 80%, 50% and 30% of tea making fin-ishing time were recorded and analyzed through numerical processing. In order to verify the quality of tea whisk, three kinds of tea whisks' performance were evaluated and compared during the whole tea making process. Consequently, it can be concluded that "Yabunochi" was the most efficient tea whisk for making a perfect Japanese tea. © 2014 Springer International Publishing Switzerland.

As of October, 2012, the Japanese population was found to be aging at a rate of 24.1 %. The results determined that the rate of aging for this sector of the Japanese population makes Japan one of the most aged societies in the world. As the aging population continues to increase in size, we anticipate that more nursing will be necessary to accommodate the future needs of seniors. Due to the complex nature and challenging field of senior care, nursing homes experience high employee turnover rates. The shortage of skillful employees is problematic, so the option of training employees without a nursing background may be an integral part of the solution. Proper "transfer assistance between wheelchair and bed" is a fundamental element of senior care. However, large gaps in how to perform a safe transfer are noticeable amongst skilled and non-skilled caregivers. To analyze and provide seniors a safe and comfortable transfer, we measured seniors' brain waves and facial expressions as transfers were performed by skilled and non-skilled caregivers. The experiment was not limited to the analysis of transfer techniques. Differences in brain waves, facial expressions, voice, tone and the requests of skilled and non-skilled caregivers were measured as well. © 2014 Springer International Publishing Switzerland.

In this paper, application of e-learning system in Kyoto-style earthen wall training was introduced and investigated. Simultaneously, a new design of e-learning (on-line) "Kyokabe" coating teaching system was put forward and established focusing on the analysis of motion, electromyography and eye movement. Consequently it was verified to provide a platform to publish the latest quantitative researches and coasting technical skills for assisting beginners to understand the key points in process technique from expert. © 2014 Springer International Publishing Switzerland.

Sharpening is one of basic culinary for a cook. In this study, 10 experts and 10 non-experts from Kyoto culinary art college were employed to investigate the gesture of sharpening. The feature of processing was recorded and summarized by a force plate and two cameras. All participants' main movement elements were counted and summarized. The most representative subjects of expert and non-expert in each type were observed and analyzed by Digital Microscopy. The movement gesture performing with right hand deeply holding the knife was the recommended knife position. © 2014 Springer International Publishing Switzerland.

This study focuses on the technique used to adhere the second lining in the fabrication of traditional Japanese hanging scrolls, or kakejiku. We analyzed the motions of both expert and non-expert artisans during the adhesion process, using optical and infrared motion captures. We then conducted a peel test from both samples, and used the results of this test to correlate the motion of the artisan with the adhesive strength of the second lining. © 2014 Springer International Publishing Switzerland.

Spray up fabrication has been used for forming composite structures since ancient times as it can be performed as long as the mold, skills, and materials are available. Hence highly specialized control technique and the tradition of skill are required to ensure the consistent stability of product quality. In this study, the authors thus conducted a motion analysis experiment using hand lay-up fabrication experts as subjects. The experiment, seemingly a new and only attempt in Japan, quantified techniques that are not visibly apparent and considered to be tacit knowledge. The dimension stability of samples was measured, and their relationships with the motions of experts were also evaluated. It was also suggested that highly specialized control techniques, the appropriate training of non-experts, and technical tradition are possible. © 2014 Springer International Publishing Switzerland.

A decline in concentration and physical/mental fatigue induce the occurrence of errors in monotonous work, or a decline in work efficiency. The efficiency of monotonous work is closely related to the environment of a room. Historically, Japan incorporates natural materials, such as clay, grass, bamboo charcoal in the interior construction of rooms. Natural materials used for interiors characteristically have properties which adjust to moisture levels and absorb contaminants in a house. We thus, expect the possibility of utilizing these specific effects to improve work efficiency while performing tedious work. The purpose of this study is to clarify how materials, such as wallpaper, clay wall and bamboo charcoal board, used in the construction of an interior, influence work efficiency and fatigue during long monotonous work. In this study, subjects sorted literature to represent the monotonous work used in the research. The status of work was recorded via video camera and the brain waves of the participants were measured. Fatigue levels, before and after the experiment, were also recorded. © 2014 Springer International Publishing Switzerland.

The carburizing process requires metallurgical inspection by means of polished metallurgical mounts. Metallographic preparation for a metallurgical mount is an important process. The purpose of this study is to clarify the differences between expert and nonexpert executions of the grinding and polishing process and the consequent polished surface finishes. Three inspectots with 0.5, 2 and 20 years of experience in metallographic preparation were interviewed and their processes analyzed. As a result of the process analysis, the differences between an expert and a nonexpert were determined.

Spray up method is one of methods for composite molding and it is traditional and common molding method that can deal with various shapes according to workmen skill. The essence of the composite molding impregnates resin to fiber;, in other words, is to substitute air included in the fiber for resin. Spray up method can spray matrix on mold together while cutting reinforcements continually, and the cutting of the reinforcement, setting up and the impregnation of the matrix are carried out at the same time. That is why working process is made efficiency and can cope with a design change easily. However, the quality of the composites depends on the techniques of workmen and the judgment with Spray up technique is too difficult, because it has not clarified that the difference of that techniques has how influence with manufactured products. In addition, in a spray up method, glass reinforcements is usually used, but carbon reinforcements is not put to practical use. High quality is required with the CFRP composite, and this is because it is thought that techniques of Spray up method does not satisfy this demand. In this study, motion analysis was used to compare the difference between Spray up techniques by expert and non-expert. Expert's carrier of Spray up was 19 years and non-expert's carrier was a year. Motion analysis, which is applied to various fields like sports or traditional crafts and so on, can visualize human motion. The Mac 3D System was used as equipment, since it is the most powerful tool for the motion capture and analysis particularly. The sampling rate was 60 Hz. The object of this study was to contribute that technique back to fabrication fields by analyzing and considering what was important factor. Furthermore, this trial is thought that leads to the development of new technology. As the result, the motion of expert's lower half of body indicated different motion compared with non-expert one. Expert's centroid moved smoothly and his motion showed constant tendency. On the other hand, non-expert's motion was awkward in several points and his motion didn't show the tendency like expert. Furthermore, The CFRP structures that manufactured with Spray up method are cut for the tensile testing. Tensile test were performed by using an Instron universal testing machine under a speed 1 mm/min. Spray up technique is discussed based on the motion analysis method and moreover it is shown that Spray up method is useful in CFRP materials production.

Gel Coating has been used for forming composite structures since ancient times. Although the gel coating method is very primitive, it offers the advantage of being able to deal widely with different production volumes and product sizes because the molds used are inexpensive and facility costs are low. On the other hand, gel coating work itself relies on human skills, which means that the finish differs according to the operator carrying out the work, the quality of the product differs among parts depending on the ease of forming. Hence highly specialized control technique and the tradition of skill are required to ensure the consistent stability of product quality. Generally, it needs more than 25 years of training and practice, as well as relentless efforts and an instinctive sense of molding to master the art of gel coating. However, there are in fact very few people who can be called experts of the technique in Japan. For this reason, the tradition of molding techniques needs to be carried on as quickly as possible. It is considered that the experiment, seemingly a new and only attempt in Japan, quantified techniques that are not visibly apparent and considered to be tacit knowledge. Therefore, in this study, motion analysis experiment of gel coating experts by MAC 3D System at a sampling rate of 60 Hz was conducted to obtain objective data on an expert applier's skills (the default value) with compared to the non-expert one. Furthermore, dimensional stability measurements were made, and an investigation of the correlation to an expert's application techniques was conducted in order to pass the suitable training and communicating technical skills to advanced management engineering and inexperienced appliers. It is found that the movement of an expert applier's lower body had a different motion compared with a non-expert applier. The expert's centroid moved smoothly and his motion tended to be constant. On the other hand, the non-expert's motion was awkward at several points and his motion didn't have the same tendencies as the expert.

The carburizing process requires metallurgical inspection by means of polished metallurgical mounts. Metallographic preparation for a metallurgical mount is an important process. The purpose of this study is to clarify the. differences in ground and polished surface finishes of metallurgical mounts for carburized parts at each step of the process as executed by an expert and a nonexpert on a semi-automated grinding and polishing machine. To clarify the differences between expert and nonexpert preparations, microscopic images of the surface finish obtained at each step of grinding and polishing were compared. The surface profile of each of the final finishes was also examined with measuring device. Each inspector has either 20 (expert) or 0.5 years (nonexpert) of experience in metallographic preparation. The ground and polished finish produced by the expert was well balanced over the entire surface. In contrast, the surface finish produced by the nonexpert was dispersed. The number of scratches and edge rounding depth apparent in the final surface finish of the expert were less than those of the nonexpert.

In this study, the jute fiber was used to fabricate ecologically friendly composite by spray up molding technique. As the primal investigation, motion analysis of spray up method process was conducted, to obtain fixed quantity of expert's skills default value which is not actualized. Furthermore, dynamic characteristics and dimensional stability measurement was carried out of a specimen, and studies about a relation with an expert's operation was conducted. Thereby, the suitable education and technical tradition to advanced management engineering and inexperienced person are attained. The results suggested that 1) expert's motion data can be feed to jute/carbon spray up robot. And it is able to minimize the errors during fabrication of jute composite panels etc., 2) it is expected that the mechanical property and working efficiency could be improved with the improve of the advanced spray up method and 3) by making the combination of the optimal materials ( jute fiber, kind of resin, etc.), high productivity and good elastic modulus are realized. Finally, spray up molding equipment is very flexibility, so it can make various composites easily.(C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd.

GFRP転写成形板の光透過性を利用し、LED照明のハウジングへの可能性を検討することを目的とし、色彩および表面構造の異なるGFRP転写成形板を成形し、色彩と構造が光透過性および光拡散性におよぼす影響を検討した。この結果、GFRP転写成形板の透過光は、構造よりも色彩により光度や輝度が大きく変化することが明らかとなった。また、色彩をブラウンにすることで平均演色評価数および光拡散度が高くなることが明らかとなった。さらに、構造を両面エンボスにすることで輝度を保ったまま光を分散させる効果が顕著であることが確認できた。

本研究では、熟練者と非熟練者が製作した亀甲金網の「ねじれ部」の針金断面の硬さ試験を行い、金網作製の経験年数が針金の加工硬化におよぼす影響を明らかにした。熟練者および非熟練者に亀甲金網の作製を指示した。亀甲は2本の針金を2回ねじることで作製される。このため、1回目のねじれ部、2回目のねじれ部、1回目と2回目のねじれ部の境界にて針金を切り出し試料とした。また、比較試料として未使用の針金を準備した。これらの試料に対して、ビッカース硬さ試験をおこなった。この結果、未使用の針金と比較し、熟練者、非熟練者とも加工硬化が生じていた。非熟練者の針金断面の硬度は熟練者よりも高く、熟練者は必要最低限の力を針金に加えながら金網を編んでいることが示唆された。

金属熱処理の品質評価に使用される顕微鏡用試料は手作業により鏡面仕上まで研磨されるが，品質評価に耐えうる試料に仕上げるには長年の訓練が必要となる。この顕微鏡用試料の作成は部品の 「切断」 「包埋」 「研磨」 により達成される。この研磨技術に関して，熟練者が長年の経験によって得たコツや勘は，暗黙知という形で伝えられており，形式知化されていない。このため，非熟練者への継承は容易ではなく，また効率も悪い。本研究では熟練者と非熟練者による把持力を比較し，把持力の違いが研磨面に与える影響を調査した。その結果，熟練者の把持力は持続的で，母指と中指の把持力分布は同等であり，研磨面の粗さばらつきは小さかった。

Three braided carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) samples with different middle-end fibers were fabricated. Damage mechanisms of the samples under step-by-step tensile loading were investigated using a nondestructive evaluation (NDE) method utilizing a high-temperature superconducting SQUID gradiometer. Commercial carbon fibers UTS50 were used for base braided fabrics, while UTS50, XN05 with higher electric resistivity, and XN60 with lower resistivity were used for the middle-end fibers. In the step-by-step tensile tests, observation of surfaces and measurements of stress-strain curves of the samples were carried out. At certain damage stages, the SQUID NDE method, which visualizes flowing currents in the samples, were applied to detect damage and assess the integrity of the carbon fiber yarns in the samples after removal of the loading. As a result, different damage mechanisms and stress-strain curves were observed and measured. From the results using the SQUID NDE method, it was shown that the current distributions in the samples were determined by the middle-end fibers at respective virgin stages, and the middle-end fibers XN60 were broken in some parts of the sample at its final fracture. © 2013 IEEE.

In this paper, visualization of flowing current in various braided carbon fiber reinforced plastics (CFRPs) was demonstrated using high-temperature superconductor (HTS) superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) gradiometer, in order to study electrical properties and integrity of the braided CFRP samples. Step-by-step tensile loading was also applied to the samples, in order to study their mechanical properties and destructive mechanism. Experimental results indicated that the addition of carbon nano fibers and middle-end carbon fiber bundles attributed to modify not only the mechanical properties, but also the electrical properties of the samples. Combining the results by the both methods, a scenario of the destructive mechanism of one sample was estimated.

Generating of a mistake and the decline in working efficiency in monotonous work are what is depended on the fall of the concentration, corporal or mental fatigue. Importance is attached to the indoor environment in monotonous work. There is history which has used the natural material (for example clay, grass, bamboo charcoal) for interior materials in Japan. Moisture conditioning properties and absorption properties of an indoor pollutant substance of natural material for interior materials may have a certain influence on monotonous work. Therefore, purpose of in this study is to clarify the influence which an interior material has on working efficiency and fatigue under the long monotonous work with different interior material as wallpaper, clay wall, bamboo charcoal. Long monotonous work was segregation of the examination literature. The motion of segregation work was recorded by video camera. The brain waves under work were measured. The fatigue survey questionnaires before and after work were performed. Key words: Long monotonous work, Indoor environment, Clay wall, Bamboo charcoal, EGG, Fatigue. Copyright 2013 by Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, Inc.

There are various traditional crafts in Japan. Japanese modern manufacturing industries have stemmed from the traditional crafts. And there is craftspeople's wisdom in the traditional crafts technique inherited for years, which is well known as "tacit knowledge". Especially in Kyoto which has 1200 years history, many traditional crafts have been inherited. In this study, Urushi crafts was focused. Japanese lacquer is called "Urushi" in Japanese. Urushi have meanings such as Urushi tree, its resin and also Urushi crafts. Urushi has been used 9000 years ago in Japan. In this long history, Urushi crafts techniques have been developed, refined and inherited by many Urushi craftspeople. As a result, Urushi affect Japanese culture and aesthetic feeling greatly. Urushi has been viewed as special, and admired as black with the highest grade. Therefore, the Japanese word "Shikkoku" has been generated, inhere, "Shi" means Urushi, and "Kkoku" means black color. Urushi has various characteristics. For example, Urushi coating surface is very smooth and glossy. It is considered that these characteristics are influenced by skill level of craftspeople. Then this study aims to analyze a difference between expert craftspeople and non-expert craftspeople in the painting process of Urushi. Body and eye motion between expert and non-expert craftspeople were analyzed and compared. As a result, there were differences in the time of painting with brush. And more there were differences in eye movement. It is considered that these differences were due to the difference of skill level, and in turn, the quality of Urushi products has been influenced.

Japanese lacquer is called "Urushi" in Japanese. Urushi have meanings such as Urushi tree, its resin and also Urushi crafts. Urushi has been used 9000-years ago in Japan. In this long history, Urushi crafts techniques have been developed, refined and inherited by many Urushi craftspeople. As a result, Urushi affect Japanese culture and aesthetic feeling greatly. Urushi has various characteristics. For example, Urushi coating surface is very smooth and glossy. And more, Urushi is strong to acid and alkali. However it is very weak to ultraviolet rays. As a result, Urushi coating is degraded very quickly in sunlight. In this study, 6 specimens were prepared by painting 6 kinds of Urushi resins on PMMA (polymethylmethacrylate) boards. Weathering tests of these 6 specimens were done to clarify the degradation of Urushi coating. Additionally, L* value (Brightness), C* value (Chroma) were also measured by spectrophotometric colorimeter to investigate the influence of the degradation on the optical characteristics. Both L* value and C* value were increased after weathering test in most specimens. Glossiness values of specimens were measured by gloss checker. As a result, glossiness values were decreased after weathering test in most specimens.

本研究では、経験年数の異なる京提灯職人の「紙貼り」工程における作業工程の分析および、眼球運動の解析を行った。「紙貼り」工程は、「糊打ち」、「紙貼り」、「紙断ち」、「水刷毛」の4 要素に分割できた。熟練者は「糊打ち」要素において作業時間および注視時間が長く、糊の付け具合を確認しながら、丁寧に作業を進めていたことが示唆された。また「紙貼り」要素では、熟練者は非熟練者の1.5 倍長く注視を行っており、骨や糸の状態を目視確認しながら、さらに、糊付けして行く紙の状態に関して、手元だけでなく全体へも視線を移動させながら作業を進めていたことが明らかとなった。さらに「水刷毛」要素では、これから刷毛でなぞる場所に着目し、提灯の広い範囲を見渡しながら出来栄えの評価を行っていたことが示唆された。

The technique of making "KANA-AMI" is traditional craftsmanship in Kyoto. All wire net fabrications are made by the hand work, so that it is expected that the craft man has the exquisiteness of motion. The purpose of this study is to clarify the characteristics of motion during the weaving the wire nets with different years of experience. The subjects were three males whose have experienced wire netting craftsman for 44 years, 8 years and 0 years respectively. The working environment was reproduced in the laboratory so that the subjects might work usual like working environment as much as possible and they could concentrate on them work. The infrared reflection markers were affixed at 21 points on the body of the craftsman to analyze motion during the wire netting. And six cameras (hawk-i Motion Analysis Co. Ltd.) captured the position of each marker, and all markers position data which synchronized were taken in by a computer (sampling rate: 100Hz). It was defined that right to left direction was X axis, front to rear direction was Y axis, top to bottom direction was Z axis for subjects. In addition, shape and degradation of wire net were evaluated. The shapes of hexagonal pattern were evaluated. Degradation of wire nets were evaluated by salt spray tests. Copyright © 2012 by ASME.

Hand lay-up is one of methods for FRP molding and it is the most traditional and common molding method that can deal with various shapes according to workmen skill. However, the quality of the composites depends on the techniques of workmen and the judgment with hand lay-up technique is too difficult, because it has not clarified that the difference of that techniques has how influence with manufactured products. In this study, motion analysis was used to compare the difference between hand lay-up techniques by expert and non-expert. Expert's carrier of hand lay-up was 25 years and non-expert's carrier was a year. Motion analysis, which is applied to various fields like sports or traditional crafts and so on, can visualize human motion. The Mac 3D System was used as equipment, since it is the most powerful tool for the motion capture and analysis particularly. The sampling rate was 60 Hz. The object of this study was to contribute that technique back to fabrication fields by analyzing and considering what was important factor. Furthermore, this trial is thought that leads to the development of new technology. As the result, the motion of expert's lower half of body indicated different motion compared with non-expert one. Expert's centroid moved smoothly and his motion showed constant tendency. On the other hand, non-expert's motion was awkward in several points and his motion didn't show the tendency like expert. Furthermore their total processes were almost same however, non-expert spent more time on finishing touches than expert. Expert spent a third of his total time on finishing touches but non-expert one was a half of his total process. In addition, the quality of manufactured products that they made was different. Hand lay-up technique is discussed based on the motion analysis method, and moreover, it is possible to evolve hand lay-up technique further (We are calling "advanced-Hand lay-up"). Copyright © 2012 by ASME.

Kyo-gawara is one of traditional crafts, one of Japanese roof tile made in Kyoto by using traditional techniques. The characteristics of Kyo-gawara is gloss on surface available in "Migaki" process. Migaki process is that craftsman strokes half-dry surface with paddle one by one. Number of products that a craftsman has to finish the process is decided. In previous study, investigation about the relationship between number of times of Migaki process and surface properties of Kyo-gawara cannot be seen [1]. In this study, specimens having different number of time of Migaki process (none, once, twice) were used, surface structure and properties were analyzed, and investigation about the relationship between Migaki process and surface characteristics was performed. Measurement items are surface roughness (Ra), contact angle, water absorption. As a result, surface roughness tended to decrease, and with increase of number of times of Migaki process. From the result of measurement of contact angle and water absorption, it was clarified that Migaki could improve waterproofness.